This report by Dr. Wayne Malinga, commissioned by VSO and SANOP, presents findings from a baseline and formative evaluation of the Youth POPS project implemented across prisons in Eswatini, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. It examines how the project is addressing health rights, well-being, and substance and drug use and abuse among youth prison populations. The report draws on surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews with inmates, prison officials, and consortium partners to assess the project’s relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, reach, quality, and sustainability. It also sets out practical recommendations to strengthen programme delivery, improve inclusivity, and better support the reintegration of youth prisoners into society.